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AJiDllKSS 



ON THE LIFE AND CHARACTER 



OF 



GEN. WILLIAM HENRF HARRISON. 



LATE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 



A MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTION FOR 



THE PROMOTION OF SCIENCE I 



DKUVEKKD BEFORE THE IXSTITUTION, 



BY 



RICHARD S. C O X E 




JUJVE 34, 1841. 



WASHINGTON : ^^ 
PRINTED BV PETER FORCE. 

184 L 



p. FORCE. PRINTER, 
TENTH STREET. 



^. 



At a btatod meeting of tlie National Institution for the Promotion of 
Science, held on the 14tli Juuo, 1841, the following Letter was read: 

Peter Force, Esa., Vice President of the National Institution : '■ 

Sir: I have had the lienor to receive 3'our note, requesting me to prepare 
and deliver before the National Institution, at as early a day as practicable, 
an Address on tlie Life and Character of the late President ol the United 
States, William Henry Harrison, an Honorary Member of the Institution. 
I accept the appointment, and will, with great pleasure, undertake the per. 
formancc of the duty assigned me. The selection of the time and place are 
submitted entirely to the pleasure of the Institution, and I shall be prepared 
whenever it may suit their convenience. 

Very respectfully, yours, 

Richard S. Coxe. 
May 15, 1841. 

It was thereupon. 

Resolved, That a Committee of three members be appointed to take charge 
of the above matter, to tix time and place for the delivery of the Address, 
and to make all necessary arrangements. 

Messrs. B. O. Tayloe, Robert Lawrence, and William Turnbull, were 
appointed said Committee. 

Jubj l2ih, 1841. The above Committee reported that they had discharged 
all the duties devolving upon them by their appointment, and moved the 
following Resolutions, which were unanimously adopted : 

Resolved, That the thanks of the National Institution for the Promotion 
of Science, be presented to Richard S. Coxe, Esq., for the great gratifica- 
tion it received in the delivery of his admirable Address before it, upon the 
Life and Character of General William Henry Harrison, late President of 
the United States, and an Honorary Member of this Institution. 

Resolved, That Richard S. Coxe, Esq., be requested to furnish this In- 
stitution with a copy of his Address for publication. 



ADDEESS. 



The enlightened nations of antiquity were accus- 
tomed to honor the memory and to celebrate the 
achievements of their illustrious dead. The personal 
appearance of the departed worthies was preserved 
in the productions of the painter and the sculptor, 
which embodied a faithful resemblance of their forms 
and features. Their characters were delineated and 
their exploits recited by distinguished orators and 
cherished friends. The poet strung his harp to sound 
their praise, and the nation, by some public and solemn 
ceremonial, testified its sense of gratitude to the com- 
mon benefactor. In thus preserving and fostering 
the recollections of departed excellence, the survivors 
were stimulated to imitate the example and to emulate 
the virtues which had been thus recognised and thus 
honored ; and personal ambition for fame and distinc- 
tion was guided to seek its gratification in those 
patriotic pursuits, which aimed at the aggrandize- 
ment and the glory of the commonwealth. 

A similar practice has not generally prevailed in 
modern times. The principles of our nature, how- 
ever, in which it originated, still continue to sway the 
human heart, and when fit occasions present them- 



selves, it is not less a debt of gratitude which we dis- 
charge towards those who in their generation con- 
ferred signal benefits upon their country and upon 
their race, than a positive advantage to the nation 
thus to exhibit examples of public and private virtue 
for the admiration and imitation of posterity. 

The voice which resounded throughout our land 
has proclaimed, in language which cannot be mis- 
understood, that such an occasion has arisen. No 
event has occurred in our brief national history, so 
imposing in all its circumstances, so impressive in all 
its details, so calculated to rouse and fix attention, as 
the death of William Henry Harrison, late Presi- 
dent of these United States. A long life, zealously 
devoted to the service of the public, had endeared 
him to the nation ; his private and social virtues had 
won for him the affections of numerous family and im- 
mediate connexions, and gathered round him a large 
circle of personal friends. The incidents of his ca- 
reer had made his name and history familiar to the 
community, and awakened a deep and pervading 
interest in every hamlet of our land. Through- 
out the vast regions of the West, where his character 
had been mainly formed, where his life had been 
chiefly spent, and where, consequently, his private 
worth was more extensively known, and his public 
services were most highly appreciated, scarce an in- 
dividual could be found, who participated in the gen- 
eral prosperity, but could trace the comforts which 
surrounded him and his family to the wise, humane, 
•and disinterested policy of the individual to whom, 
by universal consent, has been awarded the proud 



and merited appellation of being " the father of the 
land system, and the poor man's friend." No mother, 
while relating to her children, or hearing from her 
seniors, the recital of the bloody and inhuman ravages 
with which the youthful West had been so often and 
so widely devastated, as she poured out her thanks- 
giving to Heaven that her offspring had been spared 
from the tomahawk and the scalping-knife, but min- 
gled with these outpourings of heartfelt gratitude a 
prayer for blessings upon him who, under God, had 
been the chief instrument in affording safety and pro- 
tection from these ruthless barbarities. 

The closing scenes of this eventful life were passed 
upon so lofty an eminence, and possessed so engross- 
ing an interest, that the nation, nay the world, had 
been the spectators and the auditors. In themselves 
they had been so conspicuous and so extraordinary 
as to arrest the attention of mankind. The catas- 
trophe was so sudden and so astounding, so unex- 
pected yet so solemn, as to overwhelm us with as- 
tonishment and with awe. Within the brief period 
of six months, General Harrison had been drawn 
from the shades of a domestic and secluded life; 
had been the leader in one of the most animated and 
stupendous political struggles which had ever been 
witnessed — the entire country the scene of the con- 
test, the whole nation the combatants, and the civi- 
lized world the anxious spectators. In this great 
contest he was eminently successful, and the ^^ earth- 
quake voice of victory" resounded throughout the 
land. Assembled thousands, congregated from the 
farthest extremes of this expanded empire, witnessed 



8 

his installation into the office of the Chief Magis- 
trate over seventeen millions of people. In one short 
month this glorious and brilliant career was suddenly 
and forever closed. He who had so recendy led the 
vast host in triumphal procession, was himself borne 
to the silent tomb. 

A more striking and impressive contrast has rarely 
been exhibited to man. The excitement of the all- 
absorbing contest ; the insignia of exultatioUj flung to 
every breeze; the acclamations which announced and 
hailed the result — so speedily followed by the repose 
of death. The lofty pinnacle had just been reached^ 
when the downfall was consummated. The exulting 
notes of triumph had not ceased to echo among our 
remote valleys and distant mountains, when the joy- 
ful sounds were interrupted and broken by the wait- 
ings for the dead. The aspirations which breathed 
from so many hearts for a continued life of prosperity, 
and a successful administration of the Government by 
the new rulers, were mingled with the funeral dirge. 
But a single step intervened between the lofty emi- 
nence and the humble grave. 

The daily and hourly incidents of ordinary life are 
calculated to impress the mind with a solemn sense of 
the instability and transitoriness of all things sublu- 
nary. Such lessons, however, usually fall upon us 
singly, and in general upon individuals at distant inter- 
vals. That which we have been perusing broke at 
once upon a nation. Its solemnity was such as to 
force itself upon the convictions and upon the con- 
sciences of all. The most insensible cannot view it 
with indifference, the most callous without emotion. 



For the first time in our history, the Union has been 
deprived of its Chief Magistrate by death. We had 
followed to the grave the fathers of the country, who 
had honorably filled that elevated post. The nation 
had testified its feelings of reverential gratitude and 
affection over the tombs of Washington and of Adams, 
of Jeflferson, Madison, and Monroe. They, however, 
had all departed full of years as of honors. They had 
finished their career, they had accomplished their task; 
and when they were withdrawn from earth, it seemed 
but the appropriate and natural closing of the scene — 
the falling of the curtain when the last act in the drama 
was completed. Harrison was arrested at the very 
portals of the temple. He was just entering upon a 
new sphere of action, of wider extent and more 
enlarged importance. He had scarcely begun his 
magnificent career as the executive of a nation of 
freemen. The brilhant hopes which had been awak- 
ened were nipped prematurely in their bud. The 
blow was as unexpected as the burst of the thunder- 
bolt from a serene and cloudless sky. 

Now that the state of collapse into which the com- 
munity was stunned by this afflicting dispensation 
has passed, and our minds are at liberty calmly to 
appreciate the event and its consequences, it is the 
province of reason to apply our hearts to the wisdom 
which may be extracted from it. 

When suddenly deprived of one whom we had 
held in reverence and respect, towards whom we 
had been accustomed to cherish feelings of warm 
affection, the first impulse by which we are prompt- 
ed is to review the incidents in the life of our de- 

B 



10 

parted friend, to dwell upon the traits of character 
which he had exhibited, and thus, from a review of 
what had proved the objects of our admiration and 
the bond of our union, to gather new inducements to 
emulate his virtues and to perpetuate his memory. 

Such a review of the events of General Harrison's 
life will present abundant materials to justify and to 
exalt the opinions which the American people had 
formed of his conduct and of the principles by which 
he was guided. The circumstances by which he was 
surrounded, from the cradle to the grave, were so 
eventful and so chequered ; the positions he was called 
upon to fill, and the duties he was required to per- 
form, were so various and at the same time so impor- 
tant, so calculated to develop, and exhibit in distinct 
relief, all the characteristics of his heart and all the 
faculties of his mind, as to supply us with the most 
prolific sources of useful meditation. 

The ancestral line of Gen. William Henry Harrison 
may be distinctly traced in Virginia, as far back as the 
year 1645, and it is believed that still more ancient 
memorials of it are extant in that commonwealth. 
The first member of the family of whom any certain 
evidence has been clearly ascertained, bore the name 
of Benjamin, which has from that time to the present 
belonged to its elder branch. This gentleman was 
buried in Surry County, Virginia; and the inscription 
upon his tomb, which is stated to be a beautiful struc- 
ture, records that he was born on the 28th day of Sep- 
tember, 1645, in the same county in which his remains 
are deposited, and that he died on the 28th January, 
1712-13. The same monument bears a simple but ex- 



n 



alted testimonial to his chi^racter. It represents him 
as a man " who did justice, loved mercy, and walked 
humbly with his God." It records that he ^' was 
always loyal to his prince, and a great benefactor to 
his country." This inscription appears to be utterly 
at variance with the generally received opinion that 
this family was lineally descended from the famous 
Colonel Harrison who performed so conspicuous a 
part in the Rebellion which occurred in the reign ot 
Charles I. That monarch was beheaded in January, 
1648; and the circumstance that Colonel Harrison 
partic'ipated at his trial and in his death, cannot read- 
ily be reconciled with the supposition that he was the 
father of Benjamin Harrison, whose birth occured in 
Virginia some years earlier, and whose loyalty to his 
monarch is so especially noticed. 

His eldest son, Benjamin Harrison, was, during his 
life, which terminated on the 10th April, 1710, at the 
early age of thirty-seven years, distinguished in the 
history of the colony. He was by profession a lawyer, 
and is represented as " eminent for his intelligence, 
learning, eloquence, and fidelity ; the unwearied pa- 
tron of widows, orphans, and of all the poor and op- 
pressed ; the arbiter and pacificator in all controversies 
and disputes ; a most upright judge in all the litiga- 
tions of the county ; the stern avenger of impiety and 
iniquity, and a zealous promoter of the public good." 
Dying at Williamsburg while exercising the func- 
tions of Speaker of the House of Burgesses, the mo- 
nument erected to his memory, bearing an inscription 
in Latin, of which the foregoing summary of his char- 
acter is the translation of a part, is supposed to have 



12 

been erected at the public expense. It appears, from 
the contemporaneous legislative records of Virginia, 
(3 Henning's Statutes at large, 538, &c.,) that he 
was^ at the period of his death, '^ treasurer of the 
public impositions;'^ that he possessed considerable 
wealth, having died the proprietor in fee simple of 
twenty thousand acres of land, besides a large per- 
sonal estate, the administration of which devolved 
upon his widow, a daughter of Lewis Burwell, of 
Gloucester. ■ . 

He left one son and one daughter. The son, also 
named Benjamin, likewise appears to have been a . 
man of high respectability of character, and a mem- ' 
ber of the Provincial Legislature. He married a 
daughter of Mr. Carter, the king's surveyor-general. 
He accumulated a valuable estate, and was killed, to- 
gether with two of his daughters, by lightning, in 
the mansion-house at Berkeley, leaving six sons and 
three daughters who survived him. Of the daughters 
one married the celebrated Peyton Randolph, the 
first President of Congress, and another his brother 
William. ' '. ,..< -v, ' 

The eldest son, Benjamin Harrison, was one of 
the brightest and purest names recorded in our revo- 
lutionary annals. At an early age he was called to the 
management of his patrimonial estate, in which he in- 
dicated great prudence and skill. He soon drew upon 
himself the regard of the community, and obtained 
the public confidence so rapidly, that he was elected 
a representative of his district in the Colonial Legis- 
lature, before he had attained the age at which he 
became legally eligible. His personal character, his 



13 

large fortune and family connexions, and his exten- 
sive influencCj attracted the consideration of the royal 
government, and induced a proposition to introduce 
him into the executive council, one of the most hon- 
orable and lucrative posts which the jealous pohcy of 
England permitted to be filled by a native of the 
colony. About the same time he contemplated a visit 
to Europe, for the purpose of establishing his claim 
to an Irish barony, to which he was represented as 
having title. 

The controversies which shortly after arose between 
the colonies and the mother country, dissipated all 
these expectations of royal patronage and of titular 
distinctions. Mr. Harrison at once and unhesitatingly 
took the side which patriotism and which justice dic- 
tated, and as early as 1764, we find him one of the 
distinguished members of the legislature, upon whom 
was devolved the duty of laying before the authori- 
ties of the British Government, in the form of memo- 
rials and remonstrances, the opinions entertained in 
the colonies of their arbitrary and unconstitutional 
measures. The causes of dissension augmented in 
number and in magnitude, and the duties of the pa- 
triot became proportionally more laborious and more 
responsible. Mr. Harrison was elected, in 1774, a 
delegate to the first Congress. The eminent, various, 
and arduous services performed by him during his 
continuance in that post, are matters of general his- 
tory, and must be familiar to this audience. As chair- 
man of the committee to whom the subject had been 
referred, he, on the 10th June, 1776, brought forward 
the resolutions which declared the independence of 



14 

the ColonieSj and which authorized the preparation of 
the final and more solemn document which promul- 
gated to the world this decisive act. This paper was 
reported on the 28th of June^ and, after being adopt- 
ed, was promulgated to the world on the memorable 
4th day of July, when he, with his colleagues, affixed 
their signatures to the instrument which proclaimed 
the total and eternal separation from the mother coun- 
try, and announced that America had assumed her 
^' equal station among the nations of the earth." 

Throughout the whole period of his service in 
Congress, Mr. Harrison was distinguished for untir- 
ing industry, unswerving firmness, and incorruptible 
integrity. It has been asserted, upon the high au- 
thority of one of the prominent actors in the scene, 
that, but for his determined resolution, the Decla- 
ration of Independence would not have been signed 
at the time it was. After the termination of his con- 
gressional career, he returned to Virginia, where he 
continued to receive reiterated evidences of public 
confidence and respect. He participated largely in 
the proceedings of the Convention created to deli- 
berate upon the adoption of the Constitution ; and 
while, with Patrick Henry, he entertained strong and 
serious objections to many of the details of that in- 
strument, yet, with that illustrious patriot, when the 
measure had been determined upon, he strenuously 
resisted the attempts which were made by distin- 
guished members of the minority, to extend their 
opposition to the administration of the Government, 
and to thwart, as far as practicable, its actual operation. 
He terminated his honorable and patriotic career, in 



15 

which he had sacrificed the principle part of his 
fortune in the cause of his country, in April 1791, 
leaving seven surviving children. 

William Henry Harrison, the third ^nd youngest 
son, was born at Berkeley, on the 9t<h day of Feb- 
ruary, 1773. His mother, Elizabeth, a daughter of 
Colonel William Basset, was remarkable in youth 
for her personal beauty, and still more eminent in 
after life for fervent piety and pure benevolence. 
Thus peculiarly fortunate in his parentage, his birth 
occurred at that most critical and interesting period 
in our history, when patriotism seemed to be purified 
from and elevated above all mercenary motives and 
selfish purposes ; when it was required to manifest its 
existence and to exhibit its strength in struggles the 
most perilous and by sacrifices the most momentous. 
The controversies with the mother country demand- 
ed and developed all the intellect the colonies could 
furnish; invigorated, where they did not create, 
the purest principles of republicanism, the most , 
practical, and at the same time the most exalted 
views of the rights of man ; and prompted the most 
profound investigations into the principles upon 
which free governments ought to be established, and 
the principles by which the administration of them 
should be conducted. The stake at hazard was of 
infinite magnitude. The present and future political 
independence of a nation, whose capacities and re- 
sources, then nascent and in the earliest process of 
germination, have since been so magnificently de- 
veloped; the personal freedom, the fortunes, and the 
lives of the devoted band of patriots who eagerly 



16 

encountered all these hazards and firmly braved all 
these perils ; the great principles of civil liberty — all 
were equally involved in the contest, and the wise 
and good throughout the world, who ardently desired 
the improvement of man and the amelioration of his 
condition, anxiously watched the scales in which 
these momentous interests stood poised against their 
antagonistic principles. The great battle was com- 
menced and maintained throughout, upon the firm 
foundation of right ; the fearful odds against which 
it was waged, the uncertainty of the issue, and the 
direful consequences which it was obvious must 
attend defeat — all contributed to impress upon this 
contest a character of elevation and of sublimity, 
which, by a natural process, communicated itself to 
those who participated in the mighty struggle. 

The circumstances of such a period could not but 
powerfully operate upon the character of Mrs. Har- 
rison, and elevate her maternal anxieties, by blending 
with them the deepest solicitude for the welfare of 
her country. Her husband was absent from his home, 
a conspicuous actor in this engrossing contest. The 
critical posture of public affairs furnished her, in her 
retirement, with materials for solemn reflection, and 
increased in her a firmness, a purity, and a devotion 
of mind, mingling in beautiful harmony, and which 
eminently qualified her to pour into the ears of her 
children the most valuable and impressive lessons of 
patriotism and religion. 

No scene can be exhibited to the human eye or 
the human imagination replete with more touching 
interest or more attractive beauty, than that of a 



17 

mother instructing her infant boy in the principles of 
piety and of virtue. The heart swells spontaneous- 
ly at the sight. The feelings which it manifests are 
so refined from human dross; the duty performed 
is so pure and holy ; the affection which prompts it 
so unalloyed, that the simple picture, independent of 
any adventitious and extraneous circumstanceSj incon- 
sequential, if we can so imagine it, to either party, 
forces itself upon our notice, and inspires emotions 
the most elevated and the most endearing. If, how- 
ever, we direct our attention to this particular scene, 
recall to our recollection the period so fraught with 
interest — the husband and the father drawn from 
the endearments of his home, to participate in the 
responsible and momentous duties which the perilous 
condition of his country imposed upon him ; the stir- 
ring incidents which were enacting in the immedi- 
ate vicinity; the triumphant progress of Cornwallis 
through the South, followed by the surrender of him- 
self and entire army, thus closing the war in a blaze of 
glory ; and realize all the influences of these circum- 
stances, in giving a loftier, yet a more anxious tone, 
to the precepts then inculcated — the interest of the 
'scene becomes proportionally augmented. If, while 
contemplating this picture, we associate with it in our 
fancy the future career of that bright and innocent 
boy — behold him pursuing the wayward course of 
life, encountering its trials, combating its tempta- 
tions, struggling with its difficulties, and, amid all, 
strengthened and sustained by these lessons of mater- 
nal love — it rises into the highest order of moral sub- 



18 

limity. Wherever the youth, now that child, may 
wander — wherever the steps of the man may be 
directed — those pure and holy lessons will never be 
forgotten. A mother's tear of affectionate solicitude 
has sanctified a mother's aspirations. Should vice 
allure, the tempter will find himself disarmed of his 
strength. Should disappointments oppress or care 
corrode, the memory of the past will distil a precious 
balm into the bitter cup of adverse fortune. The 
principles then implanted will guide, restrain, illu- 
mine, throughout the most eventful life. They will 
cheer the retrospect of the past, and animate the 
prospect of the future. They purify while they en- 
noble. They strengthen the current of kind and 
affectionate feeling in all the relations of life, and the 
most devoted patriotism and the most refined philan- 
thropy find in them their first seminal principle. 

Could it have been vouchsafed to this lady, while 
occupied in the performance of this duty, to lift the 
veil which hid the future from her view, to behold 
the progress through life of that boy, now radiant 
with smiles and innocence — to anticipate the dangers 
he was destined to encounter — his marches through 
the wilderness, his conflicts with the savage and the 
civihzed foe, the political contests in which he was to 
mingle — engaged in the multifarious and perplexing 
ofl^cial duties which he would be called upon to per- 
form, and to perceive how, throughout the whole of 
this eventful career, the principles she implanted 
would prove his support, his solace, his guide — the 
efficient cause of his success, and the brightest orna- 
ment of his triumph — think you her happiness would 



19 

not have been complete? Who that knows a pious 
mother's heart, the objects of its most anxious sohci- 
tude, the sources of its richest enjoyments, but knows 
that the anticipation of all the brilliant visions which 
that bright career would have exhibited, the trum- 
pet sounds of victory which from time to time were 
to swell upon the ear, and even his elevation to the 
Presidential chair amid the exulting acclamations of 
a great nation, however gratifying to a mother's pride, 
would not have filled her bosom with that ^^ sacred 
and homefelt delight " which it would have experi- 
enced in beholding him, after achieving such suc- 
cess by means as pure and honorable, retire from 
the congratulations and the plaudits of the congre- 
gated multitude, from the excitement and the tumult 
of the scene in which he had participated, to the 
seclusion of his native home, to the retiracy of the 
chamber in which he had been born, to the spot in 
which he had received the earhest instructions of 
maternal love, and, surrounded by all these solemn 
and hallowing influences, pen those lines, shortly to 
be promulgated to the country and to the world, to 
present and to future times, acknowledging that he 
still remembered, still loved, still cherished that reli- 
gious faith, which, in childhood, a mother had im- 
planted in his heart. 

The emotions engendered by the circumstances to 
which allusion has been made, mingled with almost 
the first pulsations of his heart, and exerted a power- 
ful influence over the character of Harrison. His 
entire life was marked with firm integrity of purpose, 
with a benevolent regard to the feelings and best in- 



20 

terests of those with whom he associated^ or over 
whom he exercised power — with a devotion of patri- 
otism which not only responded to every call which 
his country made upon him for his services, but 
which, on all occasions, stimulated him to promote 
her prosperity and to exalt her fame. ^'The child 
was" emphatically " the father to the man." Thus 
instructed, his best affections thus nurtured, his best 
feelings thus cultivated, early prompted to emulate a 
father in intellect, a mother in purity of heart, and 
both in lofty principle, these salutary influences con- 
trolled all his public and private deportment, and he 
exhibited, throughout life, an example of that charac- 
ter which best becomes the American citizen who 
loves his country and desires the perpetuity of her 
institutions. 

It is not my purpose, on this occasion, to trace, 
with any degree of minuteness, the various incidents 
of the life of General Harrison. The last eighteen 
months have brought them prominently and in detail 
before the public eye. They are familiar to the na- 
tion and to the world. A brief and rapid sketch 
will be all that can be either expected or desired ; 
and those circumstances alone need be adverted to 
which are calculated to illustrate the various and 
diversified points of his character. 

At an early age he manifested a decided taste for 
literature, and particularly for the classical and his- 
torical departments. Having finished his collegiate 
studies at Hampden Sydney, he repaired to Phila- 
delphia, with a view to pursue the study of medicine 
under the professional charge of Dr. Rush, a friend 



21 

of his father, and eminently distinguished as well for 
his original genius and extensive acquirements in the 
noble art to which he had especially devoted himself, 
as for his patriotic services to his country. The gene- 
ral superintendence of the youthful Harrison was en- 
trusted to Robert Morris, an individual pre-eminent in 
his particular career among the enlightened patriots 
and gigantic intellects of the age. 

The circumstances of the times, as well as the 
patriotic associations formed under the influences 
within which he was placed, operated powerfully 
upon the youthful and adventurous mind of Harrison, 
and, when stimulated by the excitement occasioned 
by the defeat of Harmar and the anticipated difficul- 
ties which menaced the country from the unsettled 
state of our relations with Great Britain, he resolved 
upon abandoning his intended profession, and devo- 
ting himself to a military life. The peculiar position 
of the country at this period, was in a high degree 
embarrassing and perplexing. We had passed through 
the ordeal of the revolutionary struggle, but the nation, 
exhausted by that protracted contest, had relapsed 
into a state of almost infantine imbecility. Without 
commerce and without credit, menaced with dissolu- 
. tion from internal dissensions, the newly created Go- 
vernment scarcely entered upon its existence, our 
weakness had encouraged England, still rankling with 
her recent humiliation and discomfiture, to procras- 
tinate the adjustment of controversies which remained 
open between the two Governments, and, in violation 
of treaty stipulations, to retain possession of the mili- 
tary posts along our northern frontier. These mea- 



22 

sures not only indicated the existence of hostile feel- 
ing, but, in case of a rupture, these commanding po- 
sitions furnished her with the most efficient means 
of annoyance. With a view to the probable renewal 
of war, under circumstances so unpropitious, Harri- 
son, after tendering his services as a private volun- 
teer, obtained the commission of ensign, and forthwith 
repaired to the West, which was to be the scene of 
action. The vast region lying between the river 
Ohio and the northern boundary of the Union, now 
comprehending within its limits four important States 
and a Territory whose rapid progress will soon ele- 
vate her to the same grade, then held a white popu- 
lation not exceeding four thousand souls. The war- 
like tribes of Indians, flushed with victory, and stimu- 
lated to hostilities, entertained the confident hope 
of success. Under circumstances the most discourag- 
ing, amid perils the most threatening, and after en- 
countering difficulties and exposure the most severe 
to his youth and inexperience, Harrison commenced 
his military career. His conduct and deportment won 
for him the commendations of the commanding gene 
ral, his promotion to the rank of lieutenant, and shortly 
after he was selected by the gallant Wayne for the 
important position of his aid. The courage, the 
firmness, the deliberate coolness of the youthful hero, 
rendered him the object of public approbation, and 
laid the foundations of his subsequent reputation. 
The battle of the Miami,* in which Harrison signally 
distinguished himself, and the treaty negotiated by 
Mr. Jay with Great Britain, dispersed the clouds 

• More generally called the Maumee, though, as General Harrison himself 
thought, inaccurately. 



23 

which lowered over our Northwestern Territory, 
and upon the death of Wayne, in 1797, he resigned 
his commission in the army. 

He was not long permitted to continue in private 
life. Appointed to the situation of Secretary of the 
Northwestern Territory, in the absence of the Go- 
vernor the executive duties devolved upon him, and 
he discharged them with an ability which won for 
him the confidence and respect of all. When, in 
1799, this Territory was admitted into the second 
grade of government, Harrison was elected to repre- 
sent it as the delegate to Congress. In this new 
position he signally evinced the purity, integrity, and 
disinterestedness of his character. Between the con- 
tending claims of personal advantage and the public 
good, he never faltered. His conduct on this occa- 
sion has evoked the highest commendation of a po- 
lititical opponent, but warm personal friend, who 
thoroughly knew and duly appreciated his virtues. 
He originated and was mainly instrumental in maturing 
a new system for the administration of the public do- 
main — a measure to which the western country owes 
more than to any other single cause, its unprecedent- 
ed growth in wealth and population, and its extraor- 
dinary prosperity. 

The division into two distinct parts of this exten- 
sive Territory, was followed by the separate organiza- 
tion of the western portion, of which General Harri- 
son was appointed by President Adams the Governor. 
In this office he was clothed with powers of the most 
multifarious character and extensive range. They 
were initiative as well as administrative. Mingling 



24 

the executive with the legislative functions, both were 
combined with such as were judicial in their nature. 
Exercising authority over subjects of the highest im- 
portance, he was equally required to attend to the 
minute details of practical police. Upon him also 
"Was devolved the duty of deciding legal controversies 
of extensive interest and vast importance, and finally, 
there was specially entrusted to him a diplomatic 
power, unembarrassed by instructions indicating the 
provisions of the treaties he was authorized to nego- 
tiate, or even designating the particular tribes with 
which they were to be conducted. The commission 
given by Mr. Jefferson to Harrison in 1803, and 
which received the unanimous approbation of the 
Senate, is without a parallel in our history in the 
latitude of the powers conferred, and in the extent 
of the discretion reposed. 

The discharge of these duties in a manner cal- 
culated to secure the cordial approbation of the 
distinguished patriots who entrusted them to his 
care, implies, under our institutions, that they were 
so executed as to merit the affection and confidence 
of the community over whom he exercised these 
almost unbounded and irresponsible powers. From 
three successive Presidents, from Adams, Jefferson, 
and Madison, he received the highest testimonials of 
their full approval of his conduct, and their high ap- 
preciation of his merits. The Legislative Council 
and House of Representatives of the Territory, in an 
address to the President, expressed their sense of his 
virtues and his worth in language equally distinct, and 
which is deserving of repetition, whenever the charac- 



25 

ter of Harrison is the topic of discourse. ^' They can- 
not/' they say^ " forbear recommending to and request- 
ing of the President and Senate, most earnestly, in 
their names and in the names of their constituents, the 
re-appointment of their present Governor, Wilham 
Henry Harrison ; because they are sensible he pos- 
sesses the good wishes and affections of a great 
majority of his fellow-citizens ; because they believe 
him sincerely attached to the Union, the prosperity 
of the United States, and the administration of the 
Government; because they believe him, in a supe- 
rior degree, capable of promoting the interests of 
our Territory, from long experience and a laborious 
attention to our general concerns, from his influence 
with the Indians and his wise and disinterested man- 
agement of that department ; and because they have 
confidence in his virtues, talents, and republicanism." 
The long cherished feelings of animosity existing 
among the savages on our Northwestern frontier had 
been stimulated into activity by various operative 
causes. These influences were now powerfully aided 
by two natives, the celebrated Tecumthe and his 
scarcely less famous brother, known in the history of 
the times under the appellation of the Prophet. The 
martial character of the one, and the superhuman 
faculties attributed to the other, were eminently 
efficient in promoting a general and extensive con- 
federacy, the chief design of which was the expul- 
sion of the whites from the territory recently acquired 
from the Indians, and the erection of an impassable 
barrier against further encroachments. General Har- 
rison penetrated into their schemes, and availed 

D 



26 

himself of all the means at his command to crush 
this formidable combination. In the autumn of 1811, 
he marched with a body of nine hundred men into the 
enemy's country, and encamped for the night. On 
the morning of the 7th of November he was assailed 
under cover of the darkness, by a greatly superior 
body of Indians, who, confident of success, attacked 
him with equal boldness and skill. Anticipating the 
assault, Harrison was fully prepared for the encoun- 
ter, and, after a bloody engagement, the assailants 
experienced a complete repulse at every quarter. 
The circumstances which preceded and attended this 
action have been rigidly scrutinized by various indi- 
viduals, acting under the impulse of different and 
conflicting motives. The judgment which has been 
pronounced by those most competent to form a cor- 
rect opinion, and which has been ratified by the 
nation, is, that they exhibit the clearest indications of 
great sagacity, professional skill, and intrepid courage 
of the highest order, which merited and received the 
commendations of the Legislatures of two States espe- 
cially interested in the result, and of the Executive 
of the Union. 

The war with Great Britain, which commenced 
in 1812, inspired the savage allies of that power 
with new hopes, and stimulated them to new enter- 
prises. Selected by the gallant State of Kentucky to 
the chief command of her troops, subsequently in- 
vested with the same high ofl^ce under the authority 
of the Union, Harrison directed and participated in 
the various incidents of that arduous conflict, which 
was finally closed by the signal victory at the Thames. 



27 

The able and triumphant exhibition of his conduct 
during this period^ which has recently been pro- 
nounced in the capital of European civilization by 
one every way competent to judge — a brother soldier, 
and though a political opponent, a personal friend — 
would render it an act of supererogation, on this oc- 
casion, to pronounce an eulogium upon the military 
qualities exhibited by the deceased. The testimony 
to which I allude will dissipate the flimsy clouds which 
malevolence may have raised from the fenny bogs of 
falsehood and envy, and which, passing away, leave 
the bright orb they had sought to darken in all its 
beauty and purity. This victory fixed upon the brows 
of Harrison imperishable laurels. He stands on the 
page of history the first and only American Gene- 
ral to whom a foreign army has surrendered beyond 
our own limits, and the only General of any nation 
to whom, for a long succession of years, any British 
army has yielded upon their own territory. 

His task accomplished, and acting under influences 
to which, upon this occasion, no further allusion need 
be made, Harrison once more retired to the shades of 
private life. From this position he was again called 
to represent his State in the legislative councils of 
the nation, and the General Government as a minister 
at a foreign court. He discharged the responsible 
duties attached to these stations in a manner worthy 
of his established character and high reputation. His 
celebrated letter to Bolivar reflects equal honor upon 
the principles by which he was guided, and the ele- 
vated and just views which he presented of the duties 
of the man and of the patriot. 



28 

The public services of General Harrison, of which 
it is practicable to give at this time but a rapid sketch, 
have been of the most varied and diversified charac- 
^ ter. He has at different times exercised nearly every 
description of employment which, under our free in- 
stitutions, the nation confers upon a citizen. In his 
military career, ascending from the rank of the hum- 
ble ensign to that of commanding general, upon an 
extensive frontier, and under circumstances demand- 
ing every diversity of intellect, and exhibiting every 
variety of military operation; in his civil capacity, 
almost every duty, legislative, executive, and diplo- 
matic, have been performed by him. In each and 
all his conduct has been uniformly consistent and ex- 
emplary, each adding new lustre to his former glories, 
and giving him new claims upon the admiration of 
his country. Public confidence and national esteem 
were founded upon the broad, the deep laid basis of 
private worth. Selected to fill public office because, 
as a man, his eminent virtues had begot esteem and 
inspired confidence, the manner in which he per- 
formed the duties imposed upon him showed, that 
anticipations formed upon such foundations are never 
disappointed. 

In General Harrison's opinion, proclaimed in his 
language and exemplified in every part of his con- 
duct, the first duty of the patriot is to learn and to 
practice the duties of the man. The profligate 
' maxim which many act upon and some audaciously 
avow, that private immorality and vice are not in- 
compatible with the faithful performance of public 
trusts, found with him no favor, and derived no coun- 



29 

tenance from his example. He believed that the indi- 
vidual who is a stranger to the domestic affections and 
private virtues, which are engendered and strength- 
ened in their .growth by the circumstances which bind 
him to his home and to his family, can never be pow- 
erfully controlled or influenced by those more remote 
connexions and more attenuated ties which link him 
to his country and his race. The language of the poet 
on this subject is the language of truth, and is corro- 
borated by every page in history — 

" For where was public virtue to be found 
Where private was not ? Can he love the whole 
Who loves no part ? He be a nation's friend 
Who is, in truth, the friend of no man there ! 
Can he bo strenuous in his country's cause 
Who slights the charities for whose dear sake 
That country, if at all, must be beloved ?" 

General Harrison's character exhibited this firm 
foundation upon which alone genuine patriotism can 
rest. Few men have been thrown into a greater 
variety of positions, or surrounded by more trying 
circumstances. Removed at an early period of life, 
when the character is plastic and yields readily to 
external impressions, from the parental roof, from 
the scenes and associations of his childhood, he was 
from necessity thrown principally upon his own re- 
sources, and compelled to rely mainly upon him- 
self. He was eminently self sustained, and through- 
out life self poised. Few have occupied positions 
in which their personal integrity has been more ex- 
posed to tempting influences. Opportunities were 
not rare in which, without any palpable or gross 
dereliction of duty, or any violation of the com- 



30 

monlj approved rules of private integrity, he might 
have gratified, had he possessed them, the most 
greedy desires of avarice. One such occasion has 
been ah'eady adverted to. At such times, he not only 
neglected to avail himself of the advantages which 
were proffered to his grasp, but, with a promptitude 
which evinced that he never faltered in his purpose, 
and with a magnanimity which proved that selfish 
and personal considerations exercised no sway over 
his public conduct, he acted on the loftiest and purest 
impulses of a disinterested and exclusive regard to 
the interests of the republic. In all the intercourse 
of private life, as well as in the administration of 
power, no man was more scrupulously honest. His 
hands were equally unsullied by the public gold which 
passed under his control, and by cupidity and over- 
reaching in his transactions with his fellow men. In 
each and all no imputation rests upon his faithfulness 
and truth. Decision of character and firm adherence 
to principle mark his every step. 

In the domestic and social circle an affectionate 
and kindly feeling pervaded his entire life. Those 
ties, now so abruptly broken, are almost too sacred 
to be obtruded upon the public gaze. The bereaved 
widow mourns her separation from the companion of 
her hfe, in the privacy of her own now desolate home, 
and in the still more sacred sanctuary of her own 
heart. The family which so recently reverenced him 
as its cherished support, its guide and its protector, 
now bewails the irreparable loss. The domestics, 
who had ever found in him a kind and attentive mas- 
ter, testify with tears their affection for the deceased. 



31 

The diversified situations occupied by General 
Harrison, the large intercourse with men which was 
the necessary consequence, brought him into frequent 
contact with individuals of every grade of life and 
every phase of character. His adventurous career in 
youth, his active and enterprising spirit, his occupa- 
tions civil and military, public and private, led to a 
constant and familiar intercourse with a large pro- 
portion of the citizens of the Union, and more espe- 
cially of the inhabitants of the Western States. The 
nature of this intercourse, and of the scenes in which 
it occurred were eminently calculated to exhibit, in 
their genuine form and just proportions, the qualities 
which distinguished the individual, and to develop 
every trait and lineament of his character. That he 
possessed, in an exalted degree, those qualities which 
merit esteem and win the affections, no more conclu- 
sive evidence could be given, than the fact that he 
ever had numerous and zealous friends. Among 
those with whom this connexion was most intimate, 
and the most enduring, we recognise individuals in 
various stations in life, engaged in different pursuits, 
members of every profession, and particularly men of 
all political parties. The clergyman and the soldier, 
the lawyer, the physician, the farmer, the philosopher, 
the Washington federalist, and the zealous disciple of 
Jefferson — all, without distinction, who possessed per- 
sonal merit, shared his confidence and his affection. 
The feelings of attachment mutually cherished, and 
equally honorable to all parties, were conspicuously 
manifested during the recent political canvass, in which 
honorable opponents stood forth to vindicate his re- 



32 

putation from the assaults of vulgar malevolence ; and 
in the honors paid to his memory, in which, without 
distinction of party, the great bulk of the nation has 
united in the expression of lamentation and of sor- 
row. It would be difficult to indicate a more unerring 
standard by which to estimate genuine worth of char- 
acter. It speaks a language which can neither be 
misunderstood nor misinterpreted. It implies a kind- 
ness of manner and affectionate disposition, the attrac- 
tions of intellect and the embellishments of educa- 
tion, a just, liberal, and catholic feeling ; while, with 
equal distinctness, it evinces the absence of sectarian 
bigotry and political intolerance, low habits or vulgar 
pastes, that acerbity of language which too frequently 
alienates friends, and that arrogance of manner which 
confirms the hostility of foes. 

The humane and benevolent feelings of the heart 
were equally characteristic of General Harrison. In 
all circumstances these were conspicuous. The pri- 
vate in the army, while he admired the captain who 
led him on to victory and to glory, loved the man who 
participated with him in all his privations, shared all 
his hardships, and who uniformly exhibited the most 
vigilant attention to his comforts, the warmest sym- 
pathy in his sufferings, and the kindest respect for 
his feelings. The humble solicitant for charity was 
never turned from his hospitable door, and the weary 
traveller uniformly found under his roof rest from his 
fatigue and food to relieve his hunger. 

Nor was it merely in his private, domestic, and 
social character that General Harrison exhibits a 
bright example for the admiration of his contempo- 



33 

rarieSj and the imitation of posterity. He availed 
himself of every opportunity which a life so desultory 
afforded him for laying the foundations for future 
usefulness, and acquiring all the qualifications for 
public station. His mind was improved by a larger 
and a more familiar acquaintance with literature than 
could reasonably have been anticipated from a course 
of life so filled with active and engrossing occupations. 
In his youth he imbibed with the rudiments of 
knowledge a taste for intellectual improvement. In- 
troduced into the army at an early age, stationed in 
the western country, then an interminable forest in- 
habited almost exclusively by the nomadic aborigines, 
where men of literary acquirements were rare, and 
libraries unknown, he created, what he could scarcely 
have found amid such scenes, opportunities of enlarg- 
ing his acquisitions and cultivating his mind. The 
very character of the duties imposed upon him de- 
manded the unceasing exercise of his intellect upon all 
the materials which he could procure, upon all the 
subjects on which he was to act. Few have more 
diligently perused, or more familiarly understood, 
that great repository of useful information which is 
found in history. His powers of attention and of 
observation were acute and vigorous, his memory at 
once quick and tenacious. He read with care, and 
treasured up the information which he collected. 
His habits of life quickened his perceptive powers, 
which, strengthened by exercise, and operating upon 
a naturally sound judgment, gave to his mind a philo- 
sophical cast, which, under circumstances more pro- 
pitious, would probably have developed itself in some 

E 



34 

valuable and enduring memorials. The views which 
he presented of the ancient inhabitants of the valley 
of the Ohio, to the Historical Society of that State, 
indicate a high order of intellect, trained to habits of 
logical and philosophical induction, and accustomed 
as well to accurate observation as to large and practi- 
cal generalization. The style of this production is 
distinguished for precision and classical purity. , 

General Harrison was especially familiar with the 
history of his own country. He had studied the Con- 
stitution, not with the technical acuteness of a profes- 
sional lawyer, but as a practical expositor and authen- 
tic guide in the administration of public affairs. He 
had examined the origin and foundation of our in- 
stitutions, for the purpose of extracting its genuine 
spirit and true interpretation. He had studied our 
domestic resources and capabilities, and our foreign 
connexions and relations, with the eye of a statesman 
illumined and directed by the feelings of a patriot. 
If, in all his speculative views, he should not have 
met with the unanimous concurrence of his country- 
men, he but encountered the common lot of humanity. 
Those however, who, while they differed with him in 
opinion, partook of the honest, liberal, and catholic 
spirit which animated his heart, will be free to ac- 
knowledge, that wherever he erred in his views of 
great and fundamental principles of politics, or in 
matters of inferior moment, his error may be traced to, 
and is strongly tinctured by his feelings of pure and 
unadulterated republicanism, elevated conceptions of 
human capabilities, and lofty and uncompromising 
views of man's dignity and rights. If ever he was led 



35 

astray, it was under the guidance of these lights, 
which, if they cannot always preserve from error, 
rarely mislead from the paths of truth, and which, 
whenever they animate and control the conduct, fix 
an indelible impression upon every fair and candid 
mind, that, even where the judgment may have been 
conducted to wrong conclusions, the purity and in- 
tegrity of the heart are beyond suspicion. 

Such is a brief and imperfect sketch of the man 
whose memory we are now assembled to commemo- 
rate, of the virtues which recommended him to the 
confidence of the American people, of the services 
which won their gratitude and respect. Such were 
the proofs which he had given of his qualifications for 
the highest office in their power to bestow. Without 
political influence to sway, without wealth to corrupt, 
without any adventitious or dazzling attractions cal- 
culated to mislead, his strength consisted in the me- 
morials of his past life, and the evidence they fur- 
nished of his patriotism, his integrity, and his wisdom. 
The eyes of the nation were turned upon Harrison, 
and he was selected by an assemblage of delegates 
from the various states of the Union, to bear the 
banner of one great party of the combatants in the 
approaching contest. Whatever opinions may be 
entertained by individuals of the qualifications of the 
respective candidates in this momentous struggle, or 
upon the great principles of policy which were in- 
voked by either party during its continuance, candor 
will admit, that, until its close, no part of the conduct 
of General Harrison was unworthy of the elevation to 
which he aspired, or of the motives by which he pro- 



36 

fessed to be governed. Whatever of acrimony, of false 
representations, of calumny, of undignified or unwor- 
thy means, may have been employed by or charg-ed 
upon partisans in this warfare, nothing disreputable 
or derogatory to the character of the gentleman or 
the patriot can be brought home personally to him. 

Appealing upon such grounds to the favor of his 
countrymen, his elevation to the office of President 
was equally honorable to himself and to the nation. 
Merit and worth constituted his only recomm^enda- 
tions; truth and honor the only weapons he em- 
ployed. That they should have been successful 
furnishes the most conclusive evidence that a people 
who will recognise such claims to their confidence, 
and will bestow the rich meed of their approval upon 
such a champion, are, in the widest and most com- 
prehensive extent of the meaning of the phrase, em- 
phatically fit for self-government. 

It was thus that General Harrison attained the ele- 
vated position which he was destined to fill for so 
brief a period. The address which he delivered at 
his inauguration, was in perfect keeping with his 
entire history. The same doctrines which he had 
professed when a candidate for preferment were now 
distinctly announced as those upon which he was to 
practice. It contains a frank and manly exposition 
of the principles upon which the Government should, 
in his judgment, be administered. It is marked by a 
just appreciation of his own position and duties, com- 
prehensive and statesman-like views of the interests 
and policy of the country, in all its various and di- 
versified relations, foreign and domestic ; practical 



37 

and judicious views of great constitutional questions ; 
lines of demarcation distinctly drawn between the 
great departments of the Government^ and manly and 
patriotic sentiments in relation to the rights of the 
people and the duties of their rulers; liberal and pa- 
triotic attempts to conciliate and harmonize conflicting 
interests and local prejudices. In his administration 
of power, he ever avowed his determination to be 
influenced by no other considerations than those of 
duty ; to be guided by no other principles than those 
of rectitude and patriotism ; and, relying with full and 
assured confidence upon the virtue and intelhgence 
of those whose representative he felt himself to be, 
to assume no powers save those which the Constitu- 
tion granted, to shun no responsibility attached to his 
office, and to seek no other commendation than the 
approval of his own conscience, his country, and his 
God. 

The manly frankness and simplicity of his charac- 
ter inspired general confidence in the sincerity with 
which he spoke, and in the steadfastness with which 
he would conform to his professions. The tumultuous 
billows were hushed into repose. The storms of 
contention were at least for the moment lulled. Ere 
the tempest could again collect its energies and burst 
forth, he was summoned from the scene. The deep 
grief which pervaded the nation at this unexpected 
issue, was as universal as it was expressive. No dis- 
tinction of party was manifested, no geographical 
divisions were exhibited, but the whole republic, with 
one heart and one voice, testified its respect and 
veneration, its confidence and its love for the gallant 



38 

soldier, the accomplished statesman, the disinterested 
patriot, and the man now canonized by death. 

The example thus held out to those who are filled 
with a laudable ambition to identify themselves with 
the honor and glory of their country, to blend their 
fame with that of the republic, is rich and magnificent. 
The life of Harrison will teach them that private 
virtue and the faithful discharge of inferior trusts, are 
the most certain paths by which to ror^ch the loftiest 
heights, to acquire the love and confidence of the 
people of these United States. That, though the 
arts of the demagogue may for a time seduce the 
public voice, and the machinations of the incendiary 
deceive for the moment, the delusion is transitory 
and meteoric. They constitute no certain or perma- 
nent basis upon which to rest. 

The patriot who loves his country and seeks her 
glory ; the philanthropist who desires the happiness 
and progressive improvement of the human family; 
the statesman who combines the motives of both, 
with his anxious labors to promote the best interests 
of the commonwealth, will concur in the hope and 
assured confidence, that, while virtues such as those 
of Harrison continue to command the confidence and 
the love of the People, the race of such men never 
will be extinct, and this great Republic will advance 
in true glory and substantial prosperity, till time shall 
be no more. 




ADDRESS 



ON THE LIFE AND CHARACTER 




GEN. WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, | 



LATE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 



A MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTION FOR 



<5> 
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THE PROMOTION OF SCIENCE 



DEUVERED BEFORE THE INSTITUTION, 



BY 






RICHARD S. COXE 



JUIVK 34, 1841. 




WASHINGTON : 

PRINTED BY. PETER FORCE, 

1841. 




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